Today, the resiliency of the human centers, especially urban centersagainst the natural hazards such as earthquakes, is one of the mainchallenges in the targeted management of urban. One of the effectivestrategies in the control, containment and prevention of risks fromearthquakes is zoning of urban areas in terms of vulnerability. In thisregard, the purpose of this study was to determine the zoning andseismic active zones in the urban area of Urmia city. The seismic – tectonic situation and recorded seismic data surveyed in the currentstudy. Findings showed that there were seismic active zones in theUremia city area. The seismic effects and geo-tectonic resultsVerified, so the results marked that local geology condition would beeffective in earth motion. This research investigated the local geologyfeatures especially fault, geo units and seismic data in zoning ofseismic risk. Many methods are proposed by different researchers. Inthis study the SABTA (1987) method has been used for estimatingseismic risk by using most important parameters such as seismic, faultand geology data. The obtained results showed that the P. G. A measurevariation was from 0. 035 to 0. 33 which indicated the existence ofseismic activity in the study area.

The geological position and faults of Iran have caused earthquakes in the country throughout history. Assessing the seismic hazard of Tehran as the capital and its suburbs due to direct impact on the city of Tehran is very important from the viewpoint of earthquakes and the risks and possible damage caused by possible earthquakes to rehabilitate the more dangerous and vulnerable areas, as well as the creation of suitable facilities for the time of crisis. . . The hashtgerd range has high seismic activity due to its geographic proximity to Tehran. This is due to the construction of Hashtgerd new town, which has caused the extraordinary increase of human and urban densities in recent years to reduce the need of the region for more accurate and more rigorous surveying of seismicity. Risks make it special. In this research, using the conventional method of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the study area is located at 250 km radius of seismic studies and the estimated seismic riskiness of the area was estimated by analyzing the results. According to the study, the north and east of the region have higher fault densities. Also, according to the iso-acceleration map for a return period of 475 years, the maximum values are in the northern and northeastern strips as discrete zones and also in the southwest of Hashtgerd city in Najmabad area. The southern margin of the Alborz province generally has relatively less accelerated areas. The Hashtgerd city in the high danger zone ranges from 0. 38 g to 46 g. Also, the map for the return period of 2475 years indicates that the maximum values are in the south of Hashtgerd, and Hashtgerd is in the range with an acceleration range greater than 0. 68-0. 85g.

This paper presents a probabilistic hazard assessment of Ilam region in Zagros mountain, western Iran.Zagros is one of the most seismically active parts of Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt. We got a catalogue containing historical and instrumental, complete for magnitudes greater 4. To account for seismicity of regions near Ilam, area under study was extended and fault map then seismotectonic map was obtained.Considering seismic pattern in area, potential seismic sources were detected and modeled as volume sources. Using probabilistic method and choosing attenuation relationship, we obtained peak ground acceleration on bedrock in sites for exceedence probability 64%, 10% and 2% and life time 50 years.Considering four relatively hazard level, we zoned Ilam to four zones as high danger part, relatively high danger, intermediate and low seismic hazard level.

Introduction: One of the main problems in the Golestan province watersheds is the high degree of erosion and soil degradation, so that the equilibrium between the soil process and the soil erosion is unbalanced, and the erosion rate increases from west to east. Among these, the gully erosion and piping have the highest role. Gully is a canal or stream with the headcut with active erosion, sharpened slope and steep walls that results from the destruction of surface flow (usually during or after the occurrence of precipitation), dissolution movements, and small mass movements. The extent of gully in the eastern parts of Golestan province has caused the land degradation of arable land and landscape and has increased the conservation cost and etc. Because of connecting upstream areas of the basin to the downstream areas, gully has particular importance, which provides the possibility of sediment and pollutant transport, road destruction and financial losses to agricultural lands. In order to prevent and control the development of gully processes from a small scale to large one, it is a versatile utility to identify and extract the areas prone to gully erosion. Due to the high intensity of gully erosion and its increasing growth in the Gharnaveh watershed, the Garnaveh River has an unstable status and severe eroded gully, and in some areas it has a great depth and vertical lateral walls, as well. Therefore, in this research, the watershed of Garnaveh was selected to prepare the risk areas of gully erosion. The aim of this research is to determine Gully Erosion Hazard zoning using Frequency Ratio and Gupta & Joshi methods (Gully Nominal Risk Factor-GNRF) in the Garnaveh watershed (Golestan province). Ultimately, the accuracy of the model has been evaluated using quality sum method and Kappa coefficient. Material and methods The study area is located in the northern part of Iran, Golestan province. The Garnaveh watershed with an area of about 78430 hectares lies between longitudes 370360 E and 414472 E, and latitudes of 4183819 N and 4155267 N (UTM Zone 40). At first, gully erosion inventory map with the scale of 1: 75, 000 (dependent variable) for the Gharnaveh watershed has been prepared using multiple field surveys and satellite images. From total gullies, 70% have been selected randomly for building gully erosion hazard zoning model and the remaining ones (30%) have been used to validate the provided model. In this research, seven data layers including slope percent, slope aspect, plan curvature, lithology formation, land use types, distance from rivers and distance from roads have been selected as gully erosion controlling factors (covariates/ independent variables) and then they have been digitized in ArcGIS software. The amount of Gully density of each factor class has been calculated from a combination of independent and dependent variables, and the rating of classes have done based on Frequency Ratio and Gully Nominal Risk Factor equations. Finally, the Gully erosion hazard zoning map has been drawn from the summation of weighting maps in ArcGIS. In this map, the value of each pixel is calculated by summing the weights of all the factors in that pixel. The pixel values are categorized based on the natural breaks classifier into very low, low, medium, high and very high hazard zones. Then, an accuracy of zoning map has been evaluated by quality sum method and Kappa coefficient. Results and discussion The result of affecting factors classification of the gullies shows that loess deposits formation, rangeland, areas with low distance from road and rivers, northwest aspect, low slope amplitude and concave slopes contain the most susceptibility to gullying. The results of frequency percent comparison of gullies in hazard classes show that from all gully zones in the validation step of the GNRF and frequency ratio models %74. 52 and %78. 11 of zones are located in the high and very high risk classes, respectively. The result of model validation using the quality sum method and a Kappa coefficient show that the frequency ratio model is a more appropriate model for gully erosion hazard zoning (with the quality sum and a Kappa coefficient of 3 and 0. 89, respectively) than the GNRF model (having the quality sum and Kappa coefficient of 1. 27 and 0. 74, respectively). Conclusion In this research, the areas susceptible to gully erosion in the Gharnaveh watershed have been mapped with the frequency ratio and GNRF (for the first time) models. For this purpose, 7 affecting factors (independent variable) and 805 gully zones (dependent variable) were provided to measure the hazard maps of gully erosion. The following results are obtained from this study.-The geology factors were identified as the most effective factors in the occurrence of gully erosion in the Gharnaveh watershed.-Based on the gully erosion zoning hazard map of the Gharnaveh watershed, more than 70 percent of gullies are situated in the very high and high hazard classes.-The produced gully erosion hazard map is useful for planners and engineers to reorganize the areas susceptible to gully erosion hazard, and offers appropriate methods for hazard reduction and management, as well.

A major part of Iran is mountanious and mass movements and landslides are one of the environmental hazards in mountains.Southern slopes of central Binaloud are more susceptible to landslides, and every year there are damages to farms and rural settelments due to landslides. These factors include: Geological formation, intensive landuse and humidity of area. This paper has paid attention to the effects of landslides using Anbalagan method and specified unit subbasin element weights and ranks of landslide hazards. According to the maps and field study with GPS landslide hazard maps were drawn and results showed that about 64% of the area was located in intensive landslide hazard zone. A knowledge on the landslide hazard potentials might be of great importance for regional decision makers.

Introduction: The study area (Tefli village) is located in Kurdistan, Iran. According to Iran’ s tectonics classification it is part of the “ Zagros Fold Belt” . The aim of this study is to prepare a relative risk zoning map of hill slide instability and landslide in “ Tefli” village. Methods: Initially, nine factors were identified as effective parameters on landslides in the study area, therefore the Phasing method was used in order to prioritize these factors and to make the landslides risk zone of the area. Results: The study showing that 63\14, 10\48, 11\52, 9\60 & 5\24 percent of the area classified to “ very low, low, moderate, high, very high” risk zone respectively and “ Road” and “ Fault” defined as the most effective factors for landslides events. Conclusions: According to the geographical position of the area, formations type and topographic situation, the study area is located in an unstable and high potential of landslide hazard zone. Consequently, slope sustainability methods in unstable hill slides can be used in order to increase the safety of the area.

Developing urbanization and changing hydrological conditions of natural streams increases the flooding risk. This study tries to do flood hazard zoning in the Ilam city and determine the critical area of the urban regions against flooding by using AHP method and GIS environment. For this purpose, the parameters of the curve number, height, distance from the river, geology, land use, population, slope, soil, building density, worn texture buildings and accumulated flow as effective parameters in flooding hazard in Ilam city selected and of these parameters weighted by using Expert Choice software. The result of the Expert Choice software is transferred to the environment of GIS software and flood hazard map of study area prepared. Results of the study and flood hazard map show that areas with very low-risk, low risk, intermediate-risk, high-risk and very high-risk form the 0. 8%, 8. 5%, 49. 6%, 32. 54% and 8. 56% of the of Ilam city area, respectively. Also, the central area of the city has the highest risk and the probability of occurrence of the flood due to the high density of population and residential areas in this area and its proximity to the seasonal rivers and old part of the city. Therefore, by examining the results of Expert Choice software, it is possible to identify the most effective factors in the occurrence of flood risk and prioritize them to address management solutions to eliminate or mitigate the effects of these factors.

Karaj-Chalus road is an important connection between Tehran-Alborz provinces and west of Mazandaran County. Considering tourist attractions in the north, this road is one the most crowded roads in the country. Recently a new highway is being constructed adjacent to the previous road, therefore a large portion of the traffic will be converted to the highway. Since the highway passes the high mountainous lands the roads are enormously affected and in high risk by landslides. In this study, both mentioned ways are classified according to hazard risk. This project has been performed in two steps. First, a landslide hazard zoning map has been provided for the region around the roads to detect the high risk and low risk zones, then the roads have been divided  into segments that each of which has 2 kilometers length. The main parameters in landslide hazard zoning are considered such as topography, hydrology, geology, tectonics and green coverage. The landslide hazard map clearly represents the high risk and low risk areas but it is important to realize how it influences the roads. With purpose of classifying the road segments, the azimuth of the maximum slope of each side of the road has been considered. An aspect layer has been provided using the DEM of the region. In order to estimating the direction of the maximum grade of the ground, the mentioned aspect layer is applied. In order to determine the effectivity of the direction of the slope to the roads, the angle between the road segments and the maximum grade has have been calculated and is used as an important factor to determine the amount of risk for the road segments. The distance between the road axes to the trench of mountain also has been taken into account. According to the mentioned factors and the landslide hazard map, the road segments have been categorized into four zones based on the degree of accepted risk. In accordance with the results obtained from this research, 58 percent of the road has the potential of high and very high risk respectively. 45 percent of the highway has the potential of high and very high risk.

Landslides claim the lives of thousands of people around the world each year, causing enormous damage to people and governments. Landslide risk zoning divides landslides into specific and distinct areas of potential and actual degrees in terms of risk, this process is based on recognizing the qualitative characteristics of the area and quantitative modeling based on the data of the study area. This can be the basis for long-term planning at the regional and local levels.The purpose of this study is to investigate and zoning landslide risk in the Yellow River Basin located in the east of Khuzestan province using fuzzy logic method; For this purpose, first through field visits, geological maps and topography and by reviewing previous sources and reviewing the conditions of the region; Nine factors: elevation, slope, direction of slope, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, precipitation, lithology and land use were considered and selected as effective factors on landslide occurrence. Landslide hazard zoning maps were prepared using fuzzy gamma operator with values ​​of 0.7, 0.8, 0.9. Then, the obtained maps were classified into 5 classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low.The results of the qualitative sum showed that the 0.9 fuzzy gamma operator is more suitable than other fuzzy operators. The results of the classified maps showed that 21.56% of the area in the high-risk zone and 43.24% of the area The area is located in a low risk zone.

Introduction In Southern Khorasan Province (East of Iran), due to the operation of active faults (North-South, East-West and North-West-South-east faults), we see earthquakes with different magnitudes. To reduce damage, it is important to determine areas with high seismic potential. Although accurate prediction of this great natural hazard is not possible definitively, it is possible to determine the probable location of the occurrence of an earthquake so the zoning necessity is apparent. The reliability of this map largely depends on the quality of available data, the scale of the study, the choice of a method and the proper modeling. Examples of these methods are using the AHP method and fuzzy logic. The study area is located in the Sistan structural province, which studies the active faults in this area along with the earthquakes that occurred, indicating that the area is tectonically active. Dehek fault with the northwest-southeastern direction is one of the branches of the western Neh fault and continue to southeast and reaches at Ismail Abad dextral. Investigation of seismotectonic maps (Porkermani, 1997) suggests that this area has high seismic potential and there have been many earthquakes in this area. Based on studies on earthquake density, length of faults in the region, magnitude of earthquakes and earthquakes acceleration, East of Iran has high seismic potential. Methods and Methodology In this study, six parameters were used including: seismic moment, seismic acceleration, isointensity of fractures, distance from faults, strength of units and depth of alluvium maps. Zoning studies indicate that seismic moment and seismic iso acceleration play the most important role in the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. Then the resets were examined by fuzzy logic method and finally the results of the study were analyzed in most seismic hazard maps. Results and Discuss In the classic logic, for weighting each factor, parts that are approximately similar in terms of other features and change the agent are considered, and by observing changes in this factor and according to expert opinion, the effect of this on the occurrence of earthquake is compared to the region of factors exclusively. Weighting is based on knowledge and judgment of the undergraduate. The results of these comparisons were introduced as a matrix to the Expert selection software. At the outlet, the weight of each parameter was determined. Among the factors, the seismic Moment parameter of the highest weight and the lowest absolute weight of the alluvial depth parameter were determined. In the fuzzy method, the normalization of the frequency ratio of each map using the Expert selection software then the degree of fuzzy membership was determined based on the normalized frequency ratios in the Idrisi software environment. Then, the maps prepared on the basis of fuzzy operators were overlapped in ARC GIS software and final output was prepared as zoning map. Output maps obtained on the basis of fuzzy operators show that. Output maps based on fuzzy algebraic (sum) is highly adapted to the fact that 20, 28, 26, 16 and 10 percent of the region is of very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk classes. Conclusion In this zoning, firstly, the factors influencing the creation of earthquakes were provisioned and prioritized. Among the factors, the seismic torque parameter had the highest weight, the erosion parameter, and the depth of alluvium. The low weight of the erosion and alluvial factors is due to the fact that most of the high-seismic focus area in the region at a focal depth of less than 12 km is due to the performance of the underlying faults, so the impact of these factors is low. Based on the seismic acceleration parameter, the acceleration that the Dehek fault enters the villages of that area is 0. 58 gravitational gravity. According to the Fuzzy algebraic operator function, about 70% of the decay area is in a very high risk area. Also according to the community map, 100% and according to the fuzzy share map, 15% of the district is in high and very high risk classes. Finally, in the fuzzy zoning map to a radius of 150 km, the greatest risk of earthquakes around the Nehbandan, Sahl Abad, Dehek, Chahar Farsakh, Ardakoul and Mazhan faults is at high risk.